The purpose of this research is to investigate factors that are related to outstanding financial claims, in order to present strategies for preventing from its establishment. Through this, relation between 9 variables including, 6 month balance current account, having bounced checque, background of opening current account applicant production base, customer`s credit background, presented security type, creditor`s current account turnover volume, amount of facilities and the portion of facilities amount to account average are as independent variables and repayment facilities as a dependent variable are investigated in this research. The data of this research have been gathered by investigation of bank documents and analyzed through regression logistic method. According to the final model, it can be conclude that: by increasing a unit in bounced checque, credit background and the portion of amount to average, the possibility of outstanding facilities will be increased and also by increasing a unit in applicant`s current account turnover, the possibility of outstanding facilities will be decreased.

BACKGROUND and OBJECTIVE: V, a loss reserve is a prediction of the amount an insurer will need to pay for future claims. Researchers have been exploring methods to incorporate dependencies among multiple loss triangles to improve the accuracy of outstanding claim prediction. This study aims to predict outstanding claims in dependent run-off triangles by considering the dependence among the outstanding claims paid in each run-off triangle.METHODS: The study considers the dependence among corresponding outstanding claims in run-off triangles related to different lines of insurance. It also takes into account the calendar year of payment of claims, in addition to factors such as the year of claim occurrence and the number of years of delay in payment. Two methods are used to model the inter-triangular and intra-triangular dependencies. The first method involves modeling the dependence among triangles by using a multivariate distribution for outstanding claims in the corresponding cells of run-off triangles. The calendar dependence within each run-off triangle is incorporated by adding a calendar year effect factor to the mean of the outstanding claims distribution. The second method uses a multivariate distribution for the outstanding claims of the calendar years corresponding to run-off triangles, capturing both types of dependence. Bayesian approach and Hamiltonian Monte-Carlo sampling methods are employed to estimate model parameters.FINDINGS: The study utilizes data from an Iranian insurance company on outstanding claims in car body insurance and third-party car insurance from 2012 to 2015. The two methods of calendar dependence modeling are compared using a scale mixture multivariate distribution with normal marginal distributions and copula dependence. The mean absolute percentage error is used to measure the accuracy of the prediction. The results show that using a multivariate distribution for calendar dependence modeling leads to a more accurate prediction compared to adding the calendar year effect factor to the mean model.CONCLUSION: Based on the findings, it is concluded that modeling the calendar dependence among outstanding claims in run-off triangles using a multivariate distribution improves the accuracy of reserves prediction compared to using the calendar year effect factor. This approach can enhance the prediction of outstanding claims and contribute to the insurer's profitability and solvency.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of internal and external factors on the ratio of outstanding claims in those banks which are accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange. For this purpose, we used the data obtained from 8 banks and credit institution active in the Tehran Stock Exchange and using data regression panel. The present survey was examined over the period 2011 till 2015. The study includes three external variables (inflation, GDP and interest rates) and two internal variables (rate of return on assets and the size of the bank).The results of the hypothesis study showed that the rate of inflation, GDP and asset returns had significant negative effect on the ratio of outstanding claims. The results also showed a positive significant impact of the interest rates on outstanding claims, but there was no evidence to prove a significant impact of the banks size on outstanding claims.

Objective: The housing sector in Iran is considered one of the most important economic sectors, so that around 20-30% of the country's capital formation was allocated to this sector in the last decade. Price vibratilitys are one of the most important economic challenges of this sector. Examining the conditions governing the economy in the past years shows that the conditions of recession and inflation governing the country's economy have created one of the most difficult periods for the country, and in the meantime, the housing sector, as one of the economic sub-sectors, has not been protected from the Adverse effects of the conditions governing the macro economy. And it has experienced relatively long periods of recession and relatively high inflation before that. On the other hand, one of the basic problems that banks and financial and credit institutions are dealing with today is the problem of non-current claims and uncollected facilities. In addition to reducing the profitability of banks, this issue causes the slow circulation of liquidity in the economy, the lack of allocation of credits to productive requests on time, in the fields of industry, mining, trade and agriculture, and ultimately economic stagnation. One of the most important factors affecting the non-current claims of the banking system can be the business cycles and periods of the housing sector, since the civil partnership facilities of banks have a significant share, the booms and busts of the housing and non-residential buildings sectors can affect the ability to repay the received facilities. be influential. The boom in the housing sector and investors in this sector will help repay loans. While the stagnation of the housing sector and its expansion will reduce the willingness and ability of investors to repay loans; Therefore, examining the cycles of the housing sector as one of the factors affecting non-current claims is necessary and necessary. Also, it seems that the increase in demand is not the only factor affecting housing prices and the unfavorable conditions of other economic sectors of the country make the housing sector attractive to all investors (banks and non-banks). Considering the importance of the issue and considering that one of the effects and consequences of the monetary activities of credit institutions is the emergence of non-current claims that have negative effects on the cycle of resources and expenses of banks and can also affect housing prices; Therefore, the main goal of this research is to answer the question that to what extent does the investment of banks in real estate affect the price of housing?Method: In this research, using the TVP-DMA method, the most important factors affecting housing prices have been identified. To examine a forecasting model or to choose the best model among different models for a time series, an index is needed to make the necessary decision regarding the acceptance or rejection of the forecasting model. In this study, two standard indices of the Mean Squared Forecast Error (MSFE) and the Mean Absolute Forecast Error (MAFE) are used.Results: Based on the results, the most important variables affecting housing prices in Iran's economy are inflation variables; exchange rate; liquidity; Economic Growth; Bank payment facilities for housing; Overdue claims and increase in bank debt; the amount of fixed assets of banks; Land price index in Tehran; sanctions index; population; housing tax; Urbanization coefficient and price index of construction materials. Based on the results of inflation variables; exchange rate; liquidity; Bank payment facilities for housing; the amount of fixed assets of banks; Land price index in Tehran; sanctions index; population; Urbanization coefficient and price index of construction materials have a positive effect and economic growth variables; Overdue claims and increase in bank debt and housing tax have a negative effect on housing prices. Based on these results, inflation with the longest period of influence is the most important variable affecting housing prices in Iran.Conclusion: Based on the results, the following suggestions are made to improve the situation in the housing sector:Tax policies: According to the current conditions, the most effective way to deal with housing speculation is to apply effective taxes in the field of housing and real estate. These taxes can be placed in 5 areas: real estate capital gains tax, real estate transfer tax, annual real estate tax, real estate rental income tax, and real estate construction and sale income tax.Pending claims policies: Considering the results of the research and the significance of the effect of housing prices on non-current claims of banks in the period under review, it seems that policymakers and supervisors should consider housing prices as a key indicator affecting the stability of banks. In this context, it is desirable to provide a framework to control the relationship between housing prices, bank loans and loan losses.Facilitation policies: as a policy solution arising from the results and findings of this research and considering the existence of potential accumulated demand in the housing market and the existing imbalance, it is suggested to prevent the stimulation of potential demand and the increase of housing prices, the share of bank facilities granted for the purchase housing will be reduced and on the other hand, the share of bank facilities granted for housing construction will increase and then the facilities allocated for housing construction will be converted into long-term contracts for installment sales and rent as a condition of possession. It is worth mentioning that the interest rate of bank facilities can also be effective on housing prices from the cost aspect; Therefore, in the housing market, both supply and demand factors must be monitored and controlled.

Purpose: Evaluating the credit of customers in credit institutions is one of the most important challenges of banks today. The lack of accurate evaluation of customers can lead to delayed maturity and ultimately burn the bank's claims and increase the credit risk. Overdue claims, which are known as non-current claims in the banking literature, are the result of credit risks. The banking and economic authorities always try to minimize the credit risk and non-current claims in order to avoid bankruptcy and its negative consequences. Bank credit is an efficient scale for calculating credit risks. But the judgment method is often used to determine the credit risk of customers. This type of validation and decision-making is not as real as it should be; it has little accuracy and actually causes problems for banks in the process of handing over facilities. The purpose of this article is to present a detailed framework for the validation of bank customers, which is done on a case-by-case basis for a number of recipients of facilities from Saderat Bank in the period of 2019-2021.Methodology: In this study, the censored multiple logistic regression technique is employed to rank customers based on creditworthiness and examine its impact on reducing non-current claims in Saderat Bank. The results obtained can facilitate the decision-making process regarding the credit rating of customers and the reduction of non-current claims in Saderat Bank. This purpose is fulfilled with discrete regression models in which the dependent variable selects binary values. A common approach in modeling binary choices is the use of multiple logistic probability models (censored regression), where it is assumed that there is an unobservable dependent variable (yi*) defined by a regression relationship.The statistical population of the present study includes the real customers in the Saderat Bank system who have received facilities and whose facilities are now in progress or have ended. The data on these customers cover the 2000 credit facilities of people who have referred to the bank. The data were collected from Saderat Bank branches during the period of 2019-2021. Also, the statistical sample of the research was divided into two categories of customers, creditworthy and non-creditworthy.Findings and discussion: Based on the estimation of the censored regression model, gender and age have a significant effect on the timely collection of loans. Women have performed better than men in repaying the loan, and, as age increases, the probability of not repaying the loan increases. The level of education and the repayment period also have positive effects on the timely collection of claims. Moreover, the amount of the granted loans and the interest rate of the loans have a negative and significant effect. Among the other investigated variables is the history of obtaining loans by the borrower, which has a positive and significant effect on the timely collection of loans. This factor can be a good sign of the eligibility of the borrower. The type of collateral deposited with the bank as a guarantee is another investigated variable with a significant impact on the non-repayment of loans. The loans obtained with property collaterals have better repayment conditions than joint collaterals. Finally, the average balance of the borrower when taking a loan has been found as an effective and significant factor in identifying his eligibility. On the other hand, the type of facility (capital or current) has no effect on timely collection or overdue claims.In addition, the results obtained from the censoring model for bad credit customers, in which the deferred class and the questionable access class are considered as dependent variables, show that the factors of gender, age and loan amount have positive and significant effects on the non-repayment of the loan. The repayment period has a negative and significant effect on the non-repayment of the loan. Also, the factors of the average balance of the applicant, the type of facility and the customer's work have no significant effect on the creditworthiness of bad credit customers of Saderat Bank. With these findings on the bank, it is better to identify bad customers and focus on other study variables such as loan repayment time, installment interval, number of installments, amount of each installment per month, loan extension, history of receiving loans, real estate collateral, and interest rate of loans.Conclusions and Policy Implications: Collection of the granted loan within the specified period of time points to the implementation of the correct methods and the use of resources to create the loans necessary for expanding economic activities and directing the bank resources to the correct investment locations. However, the implementation of inappropriate economic policies in the past years, the lack of financial disciplines, and the unfavorable economic conditions of the country have played a large role in the non-repayment of the granted loans. Therefore, the demographic and economic features of loan recipients are the key parameters for validation, playing a central role in managing non-current claims and the credit risk of banks. It is, thus, suggested that, at the micro-level in the technical and economic evaluation of the projects for granting loans, banks should take into account the trend of macroeconomic variables, so that loans can be given based on the relevant forecasts and in such a way that the original resources and expected profit of the loans can be returned. Expansion of knowledge and research in the field of customer validation and reduction of non-current claims of banks will have valuable results for organizations. Among them, one may mention the reduction of costs and the possibility of completing the money cycle in the bank and the country.

Background: Role of clinical teachers in education of clinical skills and appropriate performance of medical students is important. Multiple studies were done to date. The aim of this study was clarifying the characteristic of an effective professor in clinical education. Method: In pediatric department of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, we asked pediatric residents about effective professor. Our tools were a checklist according to Kano model. Our questions were in three categories,human characteristics, teacher, and physician. Quality of each item clarify as: basic, expected and or attractive qualities. Participants could mention any item as questionable, indifferent or reverse. Results: thirty pediatric resident participate in our study. Among human characteristics, having sense of responsibility (86%) and good communication skills (77%) were two of most expected qualities. Logical thinking ability (68%) and problem solving skills (68%) were mentioned as expected qualities as physicians. Accessibility (68%) and encourages of trainees to be independent (63%) were two of most teacher attributes expected by pediatric residents. Ten percent of participants don’t like criticize of trainees while 65% were indifferent about this item. Conclusion: Clarifying attribute of clinical professors have high importance in clinical education. Among all items, sense of responsibility, good communication skills and broad prospective were most expected based on students’ point of view. Determining important qualities for teaching staffs would help professors to improve their selves.

The conclusion of investment treaties between states, given the nature of national law and international law, is a new string of discussions between arbitrators and lawyers, which has created some of the issues that do not comply with the rules of the classical national law and international law. Conclusion of two separate but simultaneous agreements, the treaty between the state-state, and between the state-investor on the subject of separation and recognition of the contractual claims, and the treaty claims (considering the effects of determination of the applicable law and the competence of tribunals) have created considerable importance for the host states, exporting capital states, investment companies and arbitrators. In fact, separation of claims arising out the contract or the treaty not only, in case, makes the domestic courts or international tribunals to be qualified, but also affects on the law governing the dispute based on domestic law or international law principles.Therefore, several criteria have been considered for separation of disputes. Currently the most famous is still the classic standard of Jure Imperii and Jure Gestionis. It is also true in the subject of competent jurisdiction regarding the criteria for which shall the tribunal refer to the stage to accept or decline jurisdiction, whether the plausibility of claimant’s claim is sufficient or shall be considered the Prima Facie Criteria.

Each member of family, which represents a small society, has to observe his/her duties. A wife and husband (spouses), who represent the main pillars of family, have more important duties, and their commitment to these duties has a key role in the marital relations and in their relations with the other members of the family. Sociability and observing chastity are considered as the most important moral duties.Religious and educational teachings give special attention to these two duties which have an important role in the welfare of family. Using an analytical-descriptive approach, the present paper deals with the moral duties of spouses, concentrating on sociability and chastity. It seeks to study these two fundamental duties from a religious, an educational, and a psychological perspective.

An important question in non life insurance research is the estimation of number of future payments and corresponding amount of them. A loss reserve is the money set aside by insurance companies to pay policyholders claims on their policies. The policyholder behavior for reporting claims after its occurrence have significant effect on the costs of the insurance company. This article considers the problem of predicting the amount and number of claims that have been incurred but not reported, say IBNR. Using the delay probabilities in monthly level, calculated by the Zero Inflated Gamma Mixture distribution, it predicts IBNR's loss reserve. The model advantage in the IBNR reserve is insurers can predict the number of future claims for each future date. This enables them to change the claim reporting process. The practical applications of our findings are applied against a third party liability (TPL) insurance loss portfolio. Additional information about claim can be considered in the loss reserving model and making the prediction of amount more accurate.

Background: An oversupply of qualified applicants leads to intense competition for the limited number of first year orthopedic residency positions. Therefore, program directors can be more selective in choosing their future residents. However, it is unclear if there are resident characteristics that correspond with trainee performance. Methods: We asked (1) what resident characteristics are associated with subjective residency performance score? and (2) what resident characteristics are associated with Orthopedic In-Training Examination (OITE) score? A total of 119 orthopedic residents accepted at the Harvard Combined Orthopedic Residency Program from 1999 – 2009 were included in this study. The current program director together with two former program directors in the selected time period defined the subjective residency performance score based on the clinical skills of the residents during training. Results: Former Olympic or varsity athlete (P=0. 018) and Alpha Omega Alpha (AOA) status (P=0. 014) were associated with a better subjective residency performance score. Higher USMLE step 1 score (P=0. 0038), known person within faculty prior to the residency (did a research rotation, or local medical student) (P=0. 041), and AOA (P=0. 015) status were associated with a higher OITE score. Conclusion: AOA status of the applicant for orthopedic residency is associated with both a higher OITE score and a better subjective residency performance score.